Indian Village Directory

Deganga Block Village List

Deganga Block in North Twenty Four Parganas district, West Bengal has 107 Census 2011 village records, including 107 inhabited villages. The listed villages cover 309,550 people, 70,374 households and 19,935.42 hectares. Use this page to compare village codes, population, households, area, facilities, nearest-town references and individual village profiles. Census datasets record this administrative level as a sub-district, while local usage may call it a tehsil, taluka, mandal, block or tahasil.

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Quick answer: Deganga Block has 107 Census 2011 village records in this directory, including 107 inhabited villages. They are part of North Twenty Four Parganas district in West Bengal.

Villages107

Inhabited Villages107

Population309,550

Households70,374

Area (ha)19,935.42

CD Blocks1

Key Facts

Location: Deganga Block is in North Twenty Four Parganas district, West Bengal.
Village Records: 107 Census 2011 village records
Inhabited Villages: 107
Listed Population: 309,550
Households: 70,374
Recorded Village Area: 19,935.42 hectares
Largest by Population: Hadipur Chuprijhara (9,971 people)
Largest by Area: Parpatna (604.41 hectares)

Largest Villages by Population

Hadipur Chuprijhara is the highest-population village listed in Deganga Block, with 9,971 people and 2,316 households. It represents 3.2% of the listed block village population. Open the village profile to compare its Census code, facilities, area and nearest-town details.

Largest Villages by Population
Rank	Village	Population	Local Pop Share	Households	Avg Household Size	Area (ha)	Pop / sq km	Nearest Town	Town Distance km
1	Hadipur Chuprijhara	9,971	3.2%	2,316	4.3	529.86	1,881.8	Barasat	26.0
2	Uttar Kalsur	9,051	2.9%	2,106	4.3	601.36	1,505.1	Habra	12.0
3	Chandpur	8,780	2.8%	1,997	4.4	579.56	1,514.9	Barasat	28.0
4	Kaukepara	8,707	2.8%	1,988	4.4	460.70	1,890	Devalaya	3.0
5	Alipur	7,801	2.5%	1,830	4.3	476.62	1,636.7	Barasat	26.0
6	Chyangdana	7,188	2.3%	1,698	4.2	417.39	1,722.1	Deganga	3.0
7	Dakshin Kalsur	6,731	2.2%	1,567	4.3	450.53	1,494	Habra	15.0
8	Parpatna	6,558	2.1%	1,518	4.3	604.41	1,085	Barasat	38.0
9	Jadabpur Boalia	6,390	2.1%	1,437	4.4	298.39	2,141.5	Barasat	20.0
10	Subarnapur	6,380	2.1%	1,443	4.4	325.13	1,962.3	Barasat	32.0

Largest Villages by Area

Parpatna has the largest recorded village area in Deganga Block, at 604.41 hectares. This is 3% of the listed local village area. Use area values for broad comparison only; land and revenue work should use official records.

Largest Villages by Area
Rank	Village	Area (ha)	Local Area Share	Population	Pop / sq km	Households	Households / ha	Nearest Town	Town Distance km
1	Parpatna	604.41	3%	6,558	1,085	1,518	2.51	Barasat	38.0
2	Uttar Kalsur	601.36	3%	9,051	1,505.1	2,106	3.5	Habra	12.0
3	Chandpur	579.56	2.9%	8,780	1,514.9	1,997	3.45	Barasat	28.0
4	Hadipur Chuprijhara	529.86	2.7%	9,971	1,881.8	2,316	4.37	Barasat	26.0
5	Alipur	476.62	2.4%	7,801	1,636.7	1,830	3.84	Barasat	26.0
6	Kaukepara	460.70	2.3%	8,707	1,890	1,988	4.32	Devalaya	3.0
7	Dakshin Kalsur	450.53	2.3%	6,731	1,494	1,567	3.48	Habra	15.0
8	Chyangdana	417.39	2.1%	7,188	1,722.1	1,698	4.07	Deganga	3.0
9	Amulia	373.50	1.9%	4,443	1,189.6	987	2.64	Habra	11.0
10	Gobardhanpur	371.10	1.9%	3,985	1,073.8	892	2.4	Barasat	26.0

Villages in Deganga Block

The A-Z table below helps you find the correct village inside Deganga Block. Each row brings together the village name, Census code, population, households, area, nearest town and key facility signals where those details are listed.

Alphabetical index: A B C D E F G H I J K M N O P R S T U

A Villages

A villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Abjan Nagar	323411	5,544	1,267	364.62	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Alipur	323366	7,801	1,830	476.62	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Aminpur	323378	2,999	701	132.36	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Amulia	323363	4,443	987	373.50	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Arjullapur	323325	2,596	577	147.33	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Aziznagar	323408	2,847	656	273.60	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

B Villages

B villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Bajit Nagar	323316	867	183	48.82	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Bajitpur	323376	2,018	443	74.88	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Ballabhpur	323360	1,742	389	59.10	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Bara Bisweswarpur	323318	2,154	480	160.62	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Bara Gachhia	323364	3,388	813	242.40	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Baruni	323343	3,182	730	216.30	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Barunipunji	323342	2,308	523	149.70	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Not Available	Available	Available
Bashbaruni	323341	1,668	379	98.70	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Basna Benapur	323327	3,862	844	236.81	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Basudebpur	323361	4,580	1,035	350.04	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Belgachhia	323340	4,026	930	250.47	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Belpur	323337	2,325	534	196.99	Deganga	—	Deganga	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Berachanpa	323373	2,957	735	109.16	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Bhasila	323377	1,855	433	97.38	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Birampur Kamaruli	323402	1,392	314	104.47	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Biswanathpur	323329	4,585	1,063	289.18	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

C Villages

C villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Chak Chandpur	323393	1,282	271	75.27	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Chak Dhulat	323394	1,107	234	89.44	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Chak Kulia	323382	711	166	139.69	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Chakla	323357	2,269	510	229.61	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Champatala	323396	2,578	594	180.40	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Chandpur	323375	8,780	1,997	579.56	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Chatkabaria	323407	2,455	545	149.03	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Chaurashi	323367	2,630	615	113.90	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Chyangdana	323336	7,188	1,698	417.39	Deganga	—	Deganga	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

D Villages

D villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Daibagnapol	323313	1,163	262	115.88	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Dakshin Kalsur	323353	6,731	1,567	450.53	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Deganga	323335	3,377	776	100.51	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Dogachhia	323331	3,915	847	142.99	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Doharia	323338	1,358	311	83.43	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

E Villages

E villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Eazpur	323368	2,747	632	134	Deganga	—	Devorlaya	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Ekrullya	323330	1,372	328	92.75	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

F Villages

F villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Fazilpur	323320	4,084	914	290.72	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

G Villages

G villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Gambhirgachhi	323323	2,681	596	169.11	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Gangdhulat	323391	1,606	354	107.24	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Gangulia	323390	3,271	761	197.89	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Gobardhanpur	323383	3,985	892	371.10	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Gobindapur	323326	2,307	510	208.53	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Gorainagar	323400	1,984	435	58.68	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

H Villages

H villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Hadipur Chuprijhara	323403	9,971	2,316	529.86	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Harpukuria	323412	1,519	342	48.28	Deganga	—	Basirhat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Hosenpur	323333	994	227	55.58	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

I Villages

I villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Ismailnagar	323392	2,577	581	186.27	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available

J Villages

J villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Jadabpur	323309	2,740	595	160.19	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Jadabpur Boalia	323374	6,390	1,437	298.39	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Jamalpur	323409	2,073	486	89.15	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Jhapa	323379	934	192	41.50	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Jhikra	323405	4,315	996	208.50	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Jibanpur	323371	79	18	47.24	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

K Villages

K villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Kalapal	323345	3,135	716	266.05	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Kaliani	323334	5,525	1,288	365.62	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Kalijug Biswanathpur	323385	1,359	298	84.52	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Kamdebkati	323351	3,893	937	203.16	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Kaukepara	323369	8,707	1,988	460.70	Deganga	—	Devalaya	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Keadanga	323387	4,682	1,054	295.99	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Khanpur	323310	1,525	351	98.82	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Khejurdanga	323339	4,370	1,004	270.99	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Khordda	323384	2,884	676	218.64	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Krishnachandrapur	323388	2,677	576	197.46	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Kshudra Mandalganthi	323306	327	74	60.70	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Kumarpur	323312	1,927	409	117.25	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Kuralgachha	323349	2,381	531	181.12	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

M Villages

M villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Mahabbatpur	323380	1,073	246	64.09	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Mamurabad	323399	762	167	55.35	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Manikpur	323406	548	125	48.49	Deganga	—	Basirhat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Manjilhati	323347	2,074	468	176.60	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Matikumra	323362	4,651	1,085	326.40	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Mirzzapur	323307	2,254	533	218.18	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Mobarakpur	323317	1,006	220	43.07	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Mogal Nagar	323314	892	200	161.47	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Mohanpur	323324	2,067	460	95.16	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Mrizanagar	323370	1,911	439	103.40	Deganga	—	Berachampa	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Muraridanga	323344	434	96	61.80	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

N Villages

N villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Nandipara Kuchemora	323372	4,936	1,119	279.60	Deganga	—	Berachanpa	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Nij Amirpur	323397	748	169	96.23	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Noajispur	323315	731	186	53.82	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Nurnagar	323319	2,004	392	181.48	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

O Villages

O villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Odhanpur	323311	2,508	550	132.68	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

P Villages

P villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Parpatna	323350	6,558	1,518	604.41	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Parulia Madhabpur	323381	888	203	107.38	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Not Available	Available	Available
Patharghata	323356	1,867	413	110.88	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Ponditpol	323395	1,421	340	84.17	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

R Villages

R villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Raendi	323401	331	76	48.54	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Not Available	Available	Available	Available
Ram Nagar	323398	2,253	510	128.19	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Ramnathpur	323328	1,754	380	99.35	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Rampur	323321	1,086	243	70.35	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Ranihati	323354	2,556	580	156.72	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Raykola	323359	3,105	715	276.60	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Raypur	323355	2,903	639	289.48	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

S Villages

S villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Sakendarnagar	323410	1,822	405	97.25	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Sarabaria	323348	1,352	317	66.85	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Sathatia	323386	3,592	753	134.27	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Shwetpur	323308	3,989	926	233.05	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Not Available	Not Available	Available
Simulia	323365	2,586	623	156.27	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Singherati	323404	3,834	828	160.56	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Not Available	Available
Sirajpur	323358	1,334	290	100.52	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Sohai	323322	4,858	1,082	295.02	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Subarnapur	323346	6,380	1,443	325.13	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

T Villages

T villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Telia	323389	2,542	540	101.17	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available
Tentulia	323332	1,185	236	153.40	Deganga	—	Barasat	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

U Villages

U villages in Deganga Block
Village	Village Code	Population	Households	Area (ha)	CD Block	Gram Panchayat	Nearest Town	ATM Access	Primary School	Mobile	Road	Power
Uttar Kalsur	323352	9,051	2,106	601.36	Deganga	—	Habra	—	Available	Available	Available	Available

Population Summary

Deganga Block has 309,550 people in 70,374 households across 107 Census 2011 village records.

Average Population / Village2,893

Average Household Size4.4

Inhabited Village %100%

Population Density / sq km1,552.8

Male Share0%

Female Share0%

SC Share0%

ST Share0%

Total Population309,550

Administrative Coverage

Administrative coverage links Deganga villages with local names reported in Census 2011 records. The page includes 1 CD block and 0 Gram Panchayats.

CD Blocks Reported1

Gram Panchayats Reported0

Nearest Town Names Reported8

CD blocks reported: Deganga.

Village Facility Coverage

Village facility coverage for Deganga Block is based on Census 2011 and District Census Handbook (DCHB) amenities fields. Reported signals include primary school in 107 villages (100%), mobile coverage in 104 villages (97%), all-weather road in 80 villages (75%), domestic power supply in 107 villages (100%). These are historical village amenities, not live service guarantees.

Facility Coverage Summary

Facility Coverage Summary
Facility	Villages with Facility	Reported Villages	Gap Count	% of All Villages
Primary School	107	107	0	100
Mobile Coverage	104	107	3	97.20
All-Weather Road	80	107	27	74.77
PDS Shop	81	107	26	75.70
Domestic Power Supply	107	107	0	100

Median Nearest Town Distance22 km

Villages within 5 km8

Villages over 25 km39

Nearest Town Distance Bands

Nearest Town Distance Bands
Distance Band	Villages	Share
Within 5 Km	8	7.5%
5-10 Km	3	2.8%
10-25 Km	57	53%
Over 25 Km	39	36%

Location and Distance Highlights

Location and distance fields show how Deganga villages relate to nearby towns and headquarters. Nearest-town distance is reported for 107 villages, with an average of 21.39 km. The farthest listed nearest-town distance is 38.0 km for Parpatna. Use these figures for orientation only.

Distance Summary
Distance Type	Reported Villages	Average km	Maximum km	Village	Place / HQ
Nearest Town Distance	107	21.39	38	Parpatna	Barasat

About the Available Data

This data coverage section explains the fields available for Deganga Block. The page summarises 25 data fields and 2,675 reported values from Census 2011 and District Census Handbook (DCHB) public records. Some values may be blank, old or not listed, so important decisions should be checked with official records.

Data Available by Section
Data Section	Fields	Reported Values	Available / Positive Values
Census Codes and Administrative Details	5	535	428
Location and Distance	3	321	213
Population and Social Groups	3	321	321
Education Facilities	8	856	400
Connectivity, Roads and Transport	2	214	184
Financial, Market and Public Services	1	107	81
Power Supply	3	321	321

Official Reference Links

Use official portals to verify current government information, land records, revenue details or administrative updates.

West Bengal official state portal Banglarbhumi land records portal

Data Method and Verification

This page is built as a reference guide, not as an official government record. The village figures come mainly from Census 2011 and District Census Handbook (DCHB) public data. DCHB is published under the Registrar General of India, Government of India.

Last Reviewed: 30 May 2026
Main Source: Census 2011 village records and District Census Handbook data
Postal Context: Use India Post for current address confirmation
Banking Context: Use the bank or RBI source record for current service status

Use Vill for village search, Census code lookup, population context and local comparison. For land ownership, revenue records, postal delivery, banking service, emergency travel or legal work, confirm the latest details through the official portal or local office.

Data Sources Request a Correction Disclaimer

Frequently Asked Questions

How many villages are in Deganga Block?

Deganga Block has 107 Census 2011 village records in this directory, including 107 inhabited villages. They are part of North Twenty Four Parganas district in West Bengal.

Which is the most populated village in Deganga Block?

Hadipur Chuprijhara is the most populated village listed for Deganga Block, with 9,971 people and 2,316 households.

Which village has the largest recorded area in Deganga Block?

Parpatna has the largest recorded village area in Deganga Block, at 604.41 hectares.

What village facilities are reported in Deganga Block?

The facility section uses Census 2011 and District Census Handbook (DCHB) village amenities fields. High-count signals include primary school in 107 villages, domestic power supply in 107 villages, mobile coverage in 104 villages. These are historical records, not live service guarantees.

What can I find in the Deganga Block village table?

The table lists villages with Census village code, population, households, area, nearest town and key facility details where available.

Is Deganga also a sub-district in Census data?

Yes. In Census data this administrative level is recorded as a sub-district, while local wording may use terms such as tehsil, taluka, taluk, mandal, block or tahasil depending on the state.

Source note: Vill prepares village pages mainly from Census 2011 and District Census Handbook (DCHB) public records published under the Registrar General of India, Government of India. Postal context is for address reference, and banking context uses available Reserve Bank of India (RBI) access records where shown. Some values may be blank, old or not listed. Please verify important details with official records before using them for legal, land, revenue, postal, financial or administrative work. Page last reviewed: 30 May 2026.